What is in store for women in Union Budget 2014-15? Prof. Vibhuti Patel analyses the budget for us

Union budget 2014-15 offers up old and new schemes but fails to address macro-economic and social causes of exploitation and subordination of women

The Union Budget 2014-15 will largely benefit neo-middle class, and offer comfort to middle and upper class women as consumers. The poor women will be crushed due to macro-economic policies that fuel inflation, land alienation and user fees for education and health facilities. This time even women’s groups have not raised their voice against gender non-inclusive aspects of the Union Budget.

After the terms Gender Budgeting and Gender Mainstreaming were officially introduced in 2004 by the UPA government, many State Governments like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, Kerala, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Tripura, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand have adopted Gender Budgeting. Gender Budget Cells were designed to serve as focal points for coordinating gender budgeting initiatives within their Ministries and across departments. Fifty Six Ministries/Department have confirmed setting up of a cell/nominating a nodal person. This could materialize because the previous government’s Ministry of Women and Child Development, in collaboration with UN Women, had developed a Manual and Handbook for Gender Budgeting for Gender Budget Cells for Central Ministries and Departments. The current Union Budget of 2014-15 has seen the Gender Budget Cells play a major role in budgetary allocations.

What is gender budgeting?

Gender Budgeting does not relate to a separate budget for women but involves comparative analysis and construction of general budgets from a gender perspective. It helps governments to decide how policies need to be made, adjusted and reprioritized. It is a tool for effective policy implementation where one can check if gender commitments are translated into financial commitments.

The Gender Budget Initiative is a policy framework, methodology and set of tools to assist governments to integrate a gender perspective into the budget as the main national plan of public expenditure. It also aims to facilitate attention to gender analysis in review of macroeconomic performance, ministerial budget preparations, parliamentary debate and mainstream media coverage. Budget impacts women’s lives in several ways. It directly promotes women’s development through allocation of budgetary funds for women’s programmes or reduces opportunities for empowerment of women through budgetary cuts.

The Union Budget 2014-15 has retained all schemes for empowerment of women and girls of the last decade under the Women & Child Development with Rs 18691 crores allocated for Integrated Child Development Services, Rs. 715 crores for National Mission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW) and Rs. 400 crores for Integrated Child Protection Scheme. A new scheme was launched also – ‘Beti bachao Beti padhao’ with Rs 100 crore.

The schemes can be classified into 4 categories:

Protective Services:

These include allocations on women’s homes and care institutions, rehabilitation schemes for victims of atrocities, pensions for widows and destitute women etc. which are aimed at mitigating the consequences of women’s social and economic subordination, rather than addressing the root causes of this subordination.
For example Sabla, Swadhar-scheme for women in Difficult Circumstances, Ujjawala Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of Trafficking and. Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-Integration of Victims of Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation, Scheme of Short Stay Homes for Women and Girls, Scheme for welfare of Working Children in need of Care and Protection.

Social Services:

These include schemes for education and health of women, support services like crèche and hostels and also water supply sanitation and schemes on fuel and fodder, which contribute significantly to women’s empowerment, either directly by building their capacities and ensuring their material well-being, or indirectly through reducing domestic drudgery.

For example, the Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS), Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY), General Grant-in-aid (GIA) Scheme for Assistance to Voluntary Organisations in the field of Women and Child Development, General Grant-in-Aid Scheme in the field of Women and Child Development, Family Counseling Centre Scheme, Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme For the Children of Working Mothers, Nutrition Education and Training though Community Food & Nutrition Extension Units(CFNEUS), Kishori Shakti Yojana (KSY), Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls (NPAG).

A sum of 100 crores is provided for “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana”, a focused scheme to generate awareness and help in improving the efficiency of delivery of welfare services meant for women. This is the first year of the scheme, if funds of Rs. 100 crore are utilized by the state, we can pressure the government to allocate more funds.

New small savings scheme: A special small savings instrument to cater to the requirements of educating and marriage of the girl child to be introduced. This would be in line with schemes like Kisan Vikas Patra or National Saving Certificate.

The budget promises drinking water and sanitation. Government would strive to provide toilets and drinking water in all the girls’ school in first phase.

The budget also promises that School curriculum will have a separate chapter on gender mainstreaming. Gender Mainstreaming is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality.

Economic services:

These include schemes for training and skill development, and provision for credit, infrastructure, marketing etc. which are critical to women’s economic independence and autonomy. For example, the STEP (Support for Training and Empowerment of Girls), General Grant-in-Aid Scheme for innovative projects, working women’s hostel.

The Union Budget 2014-15 has promised Easy Loan terms where the government will offer concessional loans to women in rural India at 4% in some districts and 7% in other for women self help groups under a scheme called Ajeevika.
Regulatory services:

These include institutional mechanisms for women’s empowerment, such as State Commissions for Women, women’s cells in Police Stations, awareness generation programme etc which provide institutional spaces and opportunities for women’s empowerment.

For example International Women's Day - Stree Shakti Puraskar, Childline Services, Grant-in-Aid for Research, Publication and Monitoring.

An Outlay of Rs. 50 crores has been allocated in the current budget for pilot testing a scheme on “Safety for Women on Public Road, Transport”. The Union Budget 2014-15 also allocates a sum of Rs. 150 crores on a scheme to increase the safety of women in large cities. Budgetary provision is also made from Nirbhaya Fund for “Crisis Management Centres” in all the districts of NCT of Delhi in government and private hospitals.

After brutal gang rape of a young physiotherapist in Delhi in December, 2012 followed by nationwide outcry, safety of women gained prime importance in the public discourse. As a result, the previous government was forced to announce Nirbhaya Fund of Rs. 1000 crores in The Union Budget 2013-14.

However the track record of outcome is abysmally poor. Official admission of 500% rise in reporting of rape cases has also not galvanized the governance structure to ensure speedy justice to the victims of sexual violence.

The Nirbhaya fund is not used for preventive measures such as construction of night shelters for women, Information Desks for women at railway/bus stations and help-lines connected nation-wide, one-stop crisis centers in the public hospitals and half way homes for elderly women along with pension (Rs. 1000 from Central and Rs. 1000 from state government per single woman) safe public toilets for women, safe public transport, safety on roads, bus stations and railway platforms and trains.

Nor does it address public education campaigns about new laws such as Amendments in the Indian Evidence Act, Prevention of Sexual Harassment at Workplace Act, 2013 and Protection of Children from Sexual Offense Act, 2012.
Women in Science and Technology

Budgetary allocation Rs. 53 crores under ‘Disha Programme for Women in Science’ is made to increase the representation of women and girls in Science & Technology fields through conferences, training programmes, networking platforms, etc and to enhance its activities with regard to education, training and empowerment of women.

Women entrepreneurs however had expected an offer of soft loans and subsidies with financial institutions providing more working capital assistance. They felt that the budget should look at policies that will make micro credit system and enterprise credit system available to women entrepreneurs at all levels and help organise training programmes to develop professional competencies in technical, managerial, leadership, marketing, financial, production process and other skills.

Tax Relief

The Union budget 2014-15 does not any relief to women tax payers. On the contrary, the Finance Minister's budget announcement had nothing specific for women.

Middle class will be happy with increase in personal income tax limit from 2 lakhs to 2.5 lakhs. For senior citizens Income tax exemption limit for senior citizen has now been raised from 2.5 lakhs to Rs 3 lakh. The Investment limit under Section 80C has also been hiked to Rs 1.5 lakh from the current Rs 1 lakh, while the FM increased housing loan interest rate deduction limit to Rs 2 Lakh and the PPF (Public Provident Fund) deposit ceiling is raised to Rs 1.5 lakh per annum from the existing Rs 1 lakh.

Right to Pee:

Women make crucial contribution to the Indian economy through their paid and unpaid care work. Massive allocation from budget on Sanitation must be earmarked for toilets in public places for women and girls in Indian cities as they travel long distance for work and education. Working women need functioning toilets at railway stations and Bus depots. Women Homemakers have to attend social functions, visit market places, take children to gardens and hospitals. Women from both, slums and non-slum background need public toilets.

The Union Budget needs clear gender commitments for mass of toiling poor women, for then only will financial commitments bring gender responsive outcomes.

Boss and wife?

The Airtel Boss ad had attracted a lot of response, both positive and negative. If you look at the ad as a simple piece of communication it shows a loving couple who happen to be working together in the same office with the husband reporting to the woman. Good to see a man accepting and being comfortable with his wife being the boss at the workplace. The ad definitely deserves credit for breaking the stereotype. The woman boss asks her male colleagues including her husband to stay back to meet a deadline. She herself goes home much later than the regular office hours and cooks a great meal for the man which she shares on the phone and asks him to come home early. Romantic, soft and absolutely adorable - if we take it at face value. I am sure many people see it just as that and love it. However, the communication gets problematic when we look at the sub-text, the nuances and the layering. It is important to look at those as well because certain images and messages get internalized by the audience without being conscious of them. For instance, while it can be assumed that she is cooking because she wants to cook as she is a woman who had obviously made her choices to be the boss in the office, it comes across as absolutely normal, natural and as if she is used to the routine. Her choice, her agency is assumed and not explicitly stated. The bigger question is why did the creative director choose to juxtapose the boss with the caring wife? Is it to soften the earlier projection of her as an assertive, demanding higher official in the office? Why could not the boss be shown as a caring woman and why was she shown only as a caring wife? Was there any way in which she could have been shown as a caring person? Like ordering some great food to be delivered in the office for her husband and his colleague who is also working late? The message that lingers in our mind is “Wow! She is such a good wife even though she is a boss at work”. The focus does not rest on her being a successful career woman but shifts to her being a good wife. This is reinforced in a subtle manner by the way her number is saved on his mobile – it just says WIFE. Though meant as a joke, there were comments on line saying that she bosses over him in the office and at home by asking him to come home early after having given a lot of work to him. This is again a very popular stereotype reflected in the jokes that circulate on WhatsApp. More importantly by showing her coming back and cooking a lavish meal, the ad somehow glorifies the double burden of working women and sets an image of an ideal working woman which is quite stereotypical and sets expectations that are difficult to meet. The Ad, once again tries to project a more liberal image of gender equations but inadvertently ends up reinforcing gender stereotypes.

Election 2014 : Are women going to gain anything out of it?

Are women going to gain anything out of this election? It’s a tough question and there is no real answer to it. Democracy gives you the rights. But it takes hard work for those rights to be actualised. Even something like a reservation bill for women – that is ensuring that all legislatures must have a certain number of seats only for women – is problematic. In gender fairness terms, women also have the right to vote for a man and people have the right not to have a candidate forced upon them.

But all arguments against affirmative action or reservations or quotas get stuck at the most important hurdle: what else can a society do to redress inbuilt, historical imbalances? Either way the road is long and tough. The only way women can get a fair deal is to demand it, speak up more and not get trapped endlessly in the arguments put forward by patriarchy.

We are still at the stage when women candidates tend to be related to some established male politician. Even Mayawati, a few times chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, had the backing of Kanshi Ram and his vision for the Bahujan Samaj Party. Mamata Banerjee is a rare example of a female politician who has risen to the top on her own strength – and it is a formidable achievement whatever your views on her politics. But Banerjee sadly exemplifies that old cliché: she is the exception not the rule.

But even if the road to elected glory is long and arduous, woman can and must assert their rights in as many ways as possible. They have to make their political voices heard even if it means defying family or community diktats about who to vote for. Many are more politically aware than they admit but do not always find the means to express their ideas. Actually, the secrecy of an election booth provides just that ideal opportunity. There’s no one with you and no one knows what you are doing.

The voting option may be obvious but it is no less significant for all that. The fight for universal franchise has been long and bloody worldwide and India is lucky that our Constitution makers saw the light before many other so-called developed nations.

Elections though follow a cyclical pattern and democracy is not just about voting. The fight for democratic rights has to be relentless. The only way out is for women to engage. Politics cannot and must not remain a male domain. Women will be taken more seriously only if they get more serious. Women’s issues are now limited to safety and security – which however vital often get mired in patriarchal concerns. But women also have a voice when it comes to non-female issues. Why should foreign relations or the economy or defence be part of the male discourse while women are contained within children, education and health?

There are no answers here. Only food for thought?

Ranjona Banerji

Senior Journalist

Avoidable and Unacceptable

Morbidity and Mortality resulting from Unsafe Abortions

The election fever had gripped the nation, with each of us trying to make sure that issues which matter to us are reflected in the political manifestos. It is the right time, to make the law makers and the political parties aspiring to determine the course of the country’s future in the next five years to give their commitment to these issues which are often neglected in public debate. Media is also doing its bit to draw the attention of the political parties and people to issues related, particularly, to women’s safety and wellbeing. This is one election where women are emerging as an important vote bank.

One issue which continues to remain neglected is the loss of maternal lives owing to lack of access to safe abortion services. Despite a liberal law governing abortion in India (Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1972), every two hours one woman dies in India due to complications arising out of unsafe abortion practices. Research documents that, every year 6.4 million abortions take place in India, of which nearly 56% are unsafe.

These startling figures reflect a number of issues related to abortion in India, the most significant being the non-availability of trained providers apart from ignorance about legality of abortions among people. Coupled with social stigma attached to abortion in the Indian social context, women with unintended pregnancies are often forced to turn to unsafe methods or to untrained providers to end their pregnancy, resulting in a high rate of avoidable maternal morbidity and mortality.

Yet another factor influencing abortion services is the misplaced attempt by the government to restrict abortions to control sex selective abortions, which are resulting in the fall of sex ratios across the nation. Data shows that, 80 to 90 percent of reported abortions in India take place in the first trimester when the sex of the baby cannot be determined. Sex selection can be done only in the second trimester of the pregnancy. Yet, every woman availing an abortion service is viewed with suspicion of indulging in pre-birth sex selection. The PCPNDT Act (Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act) focuses on sex determination alone. It is important to recognize pre-birth sex selection as a medical malpractice that is promoting the deep seated gender biases and son preference in the society. Whereas, safe abortion services are a legitimate entitlement of women with unwanted pregnancies resulting from contraceptive failure or rape and for women for whom the pregnancy is likely to result is physical or mental trauma or the survival or quality of life of the child is compromised due to congenital defects.

India is currently in the cusp of change where there is increase in young people engaging in sex at much earlier ages but at the same time the system dithering in providing them appropriate sex education and easy to access contraceptive services. Even today many health providers believe that there is no need to talk about condoms to girls. While the knowledge about contraceptive methods is almost universal, access to contraceptives is limited in many parts of the country.  It is estimated that even if all the eligible couples practice contraception, there would still be a need for abortion due to the 2-3% incident of contraceptive failure. It is in this context that one needs to focus on safe abortion services to the women.

The political parties need to be sensitive towards the issue of access to safe abortion within the ambit of women’s reproductive rights, this is particularly important in the context of the rising concern and pressure on the government to act to save the girl child. None of the political parties has ever specifically addressed the morbidity and mortality arising out of unsafe abortion practices in its manifesto, though maternal and child health issues are discussed. In the din of the rising concern for the safety of women in homes, on roads and workplaces, let’s not forget the safety of women when they are most vulnerable i.e during pregnancy and child birth. India still has the dubious distinction of a maternal mortality rate of 212 (SRS 2011) which is far above the natural incidence of 5 deaths per 1 lac live births. Eight percent of this mortality is due to unsafe abortions. It is time for the political parties to recognize and promote access to safe abortion services under the reproductive health rights of women.

India basically has a “physicians only” abortion law. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act currently allows only gynecologists and MBBS doctors who have undergone specific training to provide abortion services. However, the latest developments in medical abortion, (where abortion is induced through drugs without having to undergo any intrusive surgical procedure) makes it safe even for the non-allopathic doctors and para medics to provide services, of course  when adequately trained to identify the complications arising out of it and refer the women to the appropriate institutions in case of complications. Data shows that a women has to travel on an average 20 Kms to access a abortion service provider and that there are only one service facility for 25000 women requiring the service. The number of providers could be significantly increased by amending the law to authorize medical practitioners with bachelor’s degrees in Unani, Ayurveda or Homeopathy to provide abortion care to provide medical abortion services.

Currently, as per the law, women must obtain the opinion of one doctor for a first-trimester abortion and the opinion of two doctors for a second-trimester abortion. This is especially difficult for women living in rural areas, where there are far fewer physicians. Simplifying and reducing the requirement for a provider’s opinion for both first and second trimester abortions would greatly increase women’s access.  Further, keeping the changing sexual behavior of young people in view, extending the condition of contraceptive failure for unmarried women as well would also help reduce number of women seeking unsafe abortions. 

Yet another issue which needs to be resolved is the need for abortion in later gestational period in certain exceptional conditions where substantial fetal abnormalities are observed much later into the pregnancy, there is a need to increase the upper gestational limit beyond the 20 weeks of gestation allowed as of now in the act. Technological and medical advancements in recent years have made late abortions safer than ever before.

Considering the widespread ignorance of the legality and availability of abortion services it is imperative that government simultaneously invests in creating awareness about the same. The challenge is to create that awareness without moralizing or stigmatizing abortion further.

At the implementation level there is an urgent need to implement the comprehensive abortion care training and service delivery guidelines to ensure that providers are trained and available at all levels of facilities and that they have access to required equipment and drugs to provide quality abortion services.

It is also absolutely important to establish district level committees for certification of private facilities for safe abortion services as mandated by the MTP Act.

Restricting access to safe abortion services for women has not only long term health consequences, but is also a violation of their reproductive as well as human rights. It’s time that it becomes as important an issue of women’s safety as other issues of violence against women.

Nirbhaya… And Us!

It has been a year since we observed one of the most heinous crimes of the mankind… A brutal gang rape that culminated in the death of its victim, Nirbhaya. Everybody, right from the media to the most common citizen of India, has been discussing the incident for the last entire year in newsrooms, living rooms, classrooms, kitty parties, students' organization meetings, women's organizations, smoking areas of corporates, local trains, bus stops and at every place where two sensible persons meet. We have had debates, discussions, committees, schemes, and many other things as a result of the outrage of Nirbhaya case.

And yet… we have rape cases doubled and molestation cases risen by 6 times in the last year. One may say that rape cases have doubled, while some may opine that reporting of rape cases have doubled, which might be looked at as a positive sign. However, we are certain that if rape cases have indeed doubled, it is an alarming situation. Increase in reporting will mean that the subject has received much more recognition in comparison to a year ago. It will also mean that victims are not scared of being stigmatized as they were a year ago. It will also mean that maybe people have started vesting their faith in the system (police, law, judiciary all put together), thinking that they have a chance of getting justice. This may lead to more complaints being lodged. Same goes with molestation cases too. All these figures are always open for interpretation…

What is not open for interpretation is the fact that women, young and old, urban and rural, traditional and modern, professional women and housewives, are still being raped and/or molested in homes, offices, buses, dark alleys, hotel rooms, cars, beaches, toilets… everywhere!

What we must understand is that rapes are not only numbers, but real life traumas experienced by women which leave them scarred for the rest of their lives. Rapes are irreversible facts of every woman who has experienced that brutality. Rapes are a brutal reality threatening our everyday lives. Rapes are a mentality that is hampering our lives as individuals and as a society. It is hampering our interpersonal relations in a way that is making every day worse than the previous one.

We have already reached a state where every girl is taught, either directly or indirectly, to look upon any man or boy as a probable molester and to keep distance from every man or boy. It is not hard to imagine where this is going to lead us. And this is not going to change, even if incidence of rape cases goes down… And as long as one woman is being raped somewhere, the fear of being the next one will lurk in the minds of all other women. Because as we all know, none of us is safe till all of us are safe! 

Killing is killing… Honour or not!

On 20^th September 2013, there was this news of honour killing from Haryana, where the father, after stabbing his own daughter to death and beheading her lover in front of his own house said that ‘he had done no wrong’ and that ‘he had done it for the honour of the family’.

The sequence of events shows that it was not some impulsive reaction because his daughter eloped with a so called unsuitable boy. Such act can plead no excuse even being impulsive, but this was way worse. It was a planned cold blooded murder.The family of the girl followed the couple to Delhi, brought them back to the village and murdered them.

When we get past the initial shock and repulsion, the first question that comes to our mind is what must the father, or in this case the father, mother and the uncle have though? What emotions must have crossed their minds? They were talking about killing their own daughter.

A girl who took her first step before their eyes… Her parents must have been the ones to catch her before she fell!

A girl who spoke her first word of life to them… That might have been ‘Maa’ or ‘Bapu’ or ‘Chacha’!

A girl who went to school in front of them… They must have dropped and picked her up from school so many times!

She was a part of their everyday life. What must they have thought when they decided to kill her? Were they so angry that their anger overpowered their love? Or was there never enough love to pull through a situation like this? Was she always the secondary sex?

If they were so angry that they could murder their own daughter in cold blood, what might have prompted that level of fury? They said that the act of their daughter had insulted them in the society. What might have made them think that marrying someone of her choice was an insult to the family? What kind of social pressures must exist there? What reaction would the society have given, had they supported their daughter?

This act is heinous to say the least and the father, mother and uncle have already been arrested. The law will take it’s own course and we can hope that they will get the punishment they deserve. But are they the only criminals?

What about the society that convinced them that a daughter was better dead rather than married to an unsuitable boy? What about the social dynamics that have prompted a complete silence from the family of the boy? What about the social norms those deny personal space? And most importantly what about the mindset of the society at large that thinks that a man can have so much control over a woman that he thinks he is within his rights to kill her?

Click for the news that inspired the blog  Here

Murder or social evil?

The panel discussion at the launch of the Our Girls and Our Pride campaign had me thinking of clarifying a few points. We all know killing any one is a criminal act and should be treated as murder. Therefore, burning a daughter - in- law is a  murder. But is it the same as killing the son? How does the family, police and judiciary react to the two deaths? To begin with few deaths of daughters-in-law are reported as murders. They are reported as accidents or suicides. It is pre-meditated murder where often more than one family member is involved.  Why is it that the woman always dies in a fire accident in the kitchen or hangs herself? The death is planned to look like an accident or suicide. Why is she not shot or stabbed?

There is always an attempt to tamper evidence and influence the police to see that the case is not registered as murder. So who is going to treat it as murder? Similarly parents are also not willing to press for murder charges because of intimidation, fear that other daughters may not get married, economic constraints etc. The police also feel "hadsa hogaya hai" let's not make an issue of it to protect the honor of the family.  The criminal investigation is so poor that the case does not stand in the court.  The community remains a mute witness as it is seen as "ghar ka mamla" . I do not think the scene would be the same if a man kills his son whatever may be the provocation.

The question is why do we want to kill our daughter-in-law? We want to kill her because she has not brought in or bringing in more dowry which is seen as an entitlement of a man. Or because we got a better dowry deal from someone and want to bump off the girl to get a new bride.

A woman who seeks support from her family when  faced with violence and abuse from her husband and in-laws is often sent back by her parents saying her place is in her husband's house. Half- way homes, Legal aid  and other support mechanisms are almost non-existent. The laws which  are there to protect her, like all other laws  are ineffective, because of poor institutional mechanisms - budgets, human resources etc.

When we say dowry deaths are social evils we are addressing these issues which make us under play the gravity of the issue and the collusion of the social values, gender discrimination, institutionalized gender violence which make it so easy to kill our daughters-in-law.

By saying it is a social evil we are not undermining the criminality of the act. In fact we are saying that it is not being seen as a criminal act because of the social factors which need to be addressed. In spite of the Dowry act, DV act and 498 A , women continue to be killed with impunity and the system is not responding adequately because of the deep seated mindsets which trivialize the value of a woman's life.

Similarly, we all know that son preference has been an endemic problem in India. But with new technology, families have found a way to eliminate unwanted daughters. Sex-determination is a crime under the PCPNDT Act.  Yet so few convictions have taken place so far! Why? I agree that strict implementation of the law is the key. But who is going  to implement it? The doctors, the government, the judiciary? How sensitive are they to the issue?
What are the economic interests involved - of the family, the service providers, and the monitoring agencies? Can we address the problem of Pre-birth sex selection  without addressing the above issues.

I wonder why we think only of common citizens when we think of mind set change. Why do we think of advertisement campaigns, pamphlets and banners as the only means of mind set change? If we want to ensure that the 47000 ultra sound  clinics in the country are monitored strictly to stop pre-birth sex selection completely then we need to focus on those who are responsible for it. It has been proved that focused, intense interventions with specific stakeholders often results in desirable change. For instance in Maharashtra, the judicial colloquiums, sensitization programs for appropriate authorities and public prosecutors has ensured that close to 50 convictions have taken place under the PCPNDT act in the state.  This is just the tip of the  ice berg considering the scale of the issue. We have a long way to go as the latest census figures of Mumbai's sex ratio show. But I would say it is a good beginning.